Method for increasing the production of small molecules in submerged corynebacterium culture

ABSTRACT

Described are methods for increasing the production of small molecules in a submerged  Corynebacterium  culture by supplementing  Corynebacterium  growth medium with the non-enzymatic fraction of spent  Trichoderma  fermentation broth.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present methods relate to increasing the production of small molecules in a submerged Corynebacterium culture by supplementing Corynebacterium growth medium with the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth.

BACKGROUND

Corynebacterium are gram-positive, aerobic bacilli that include members useful for industrial applications as well as human pathogens. Nonpathogenic species of Corynebacterium are used for the production of amino acids, nucleotides, steroids, bacteriocins, and enzymes. The most well-known species is C. glutamicum, which produces glutamic acid sold as monosodium glutamate in the food industry. Genetically engineered C. glutamicum produce lysine. Corynebacterium are generally grown in submerged culture using glucose, fructose, or glucose plus fructose and sucrose as a primary carbon source.

Trichoderma is a genus of filamentous fungi that is present in soil. Many species are characterized as opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Trichoderma produce a wide array of enzymes, including cellulases and hemicellulases. Trichoderma has also been engineered to produce and secrete recombinant enzymes, such as catalase, glucoamylase, laccase and the like. The productivity of Trichoderma is very high, and titers of over 100 grams of recombinant enzyme per liter of submerged culture are not uncommon. Some Trichoderma enzyme products are sold as whole broth products, usually including killed cells. Other Trichoderma enzyme products are sold in purified form, in which case spent Trichoderma growth media is discarded.

SUMMARY

The present methods relate to increasing the production of small molecules in a submerged Corynebacterium culture by supplementing Corynebacterium growth medium with the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth. Aspects and embodiments of the methods are described in the following, independently-numbered paragraphs.

1. In one aspect, a method for improving the production of small molecules in submerged Corynebacterium culture is provided, comprising adding to a submerged Corynebacterium culture a non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth, wherein the Corynebacterium grown in the presence of the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth produce an increased amount of small molecules compared to Corynebacterium grown in an otherwise identical submerged culture in the absence of the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth, wherein the increase in small molecule production is not due to enzymatic activity in the spent Trichoderma fermentation broth.

2. In some embodiments of the method of paragraph 1, the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth is produced by filtering whole or fractionated spent Trichoderma fermentation broth.

3. In some embodiments of the method of paragraph 1, the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth is produced by heat treating whole or fractionated spent Trichoderma fermentation broth.

4. In some embodiments of the method of paragraph 1, the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth used to increase small molecule production is a component of whole or fractionated spent Trichoderma fermentation broth that is added to the submerged Corynebacterium culture.

5. In some embodiments of the method of any of the preceding paragraphs, the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth is a by-product of a fermentation that produces a recombinant enzyme.

6. In some embodiments of the method of paragraph 5, the non-enzymatic fraction of Trichoderma fermentation broth used to increase small molecule production additionally comprises the recombinant enzyme.

7. In some embodiments of the method of paragraph 5, the recombinant enzyme is removed from the non-enzymatic fraction of Trichoderma fermentation broth used to improve small molecule production.

8. In some embodiments of the method of any of paragraphs 5-7, the recombinant enzyme is a carbohydrate processing enzyme.

9. In some embodiments of the method of any of the preceding paragraphs, at least a portion of the spent fermentation broth is added at the time of inoculation of the Corynebacterium culture.

10. In some embodiments of the method of any of the preceding paragraphs, the spent fermentation broth is harvested from a Trichoderma growth culture at least 29 hours following inoculation of Trichoderma broth.

11. In some embodiments of the method of any of the preceding paragraphs, the spent fermentation broth is harvested from a Trichoderma growth culture prior to the expression of a protein of interest in the broth.

12. In some embodiments of the method of any of the preceding paragraphs, the small molecule is an amino acid.

13. In some embodiments of the method of paragraph 12, the amino acid is glutamic acid or lysine.

14. In some embodiments of the method of any of the preceding paragraphs, the increase in small molecule production is not the result of increased cell mass in the Corynebacterium culture.

15. In another aspect, a small molecule produced in submerged Corynebacterium culture produced by the method of any of paragraphs 1-14 is provided.

16. In another aspect, use of a non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth to increase the amount of small molecules produced in a submerged Corynebacterium culture is provided.

17. In some embodiments, use of a non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth as in paragraph 16 is combined with the features of any of paragraphs 1-14.

These and other aspects and embodiments of present methods will be apparent from the description, including the accompanying Figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing glucose consumption (g/L) and glutamate production (g/L) over time (hrs) in a Corynebacterium culture to which spent Trichoderma fermentation broth has been added.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing total secreted protein production (g/L) and dry cell weight (g/kg) in a Trichoderma culture from which spent Trichoderma fermentation broth was periodically sampled.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth taken from a Trichoderma culture as different time points (hrs) on glutamate production (g/L) in a Corynebacterium culture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Introduction

The present methods relate to increasing the production of small molecules in a submerged Corynebacterium culture by supplementing Corynebacterium growth medium with the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth.

II. Definitions and Abbreviations

Prior to describing the methods in detail, the following terms are defined for clarity. Terms not defined should be accorded their ordinary meanings as used in the relevant art.

As used herein, “submerged culture” refers to a method for growing cultures of microorganisms in which the microorganisms are incubated in a liquid medium subjected to continuous, vigorous agitation.

As used herein, a “fermenting organism” is a microorganisms capable of producing a product of interest, such as an amino acid or a protein, when grown in submerged culture.

As used herein, a “spent broth” refers to submerged culture growth medium in which a microorganism has been grown. Spent broth contains chemical compounds secreted into the medium. “Whole spent” broth additionally includes the microorganisms (cells) grown in the medium. “Fractionated spent broth” has been processed in some way so as to remove at least some of the components in the spent broth.

As used herein, a “non-enzymatic fraction” of a spent broth is either substantially free of enzymatic protein or is substantially free of enzymatic activity, even though denatured enzymatic proteins may be present.

As used herein, a “small molecule” is a low molecular weight (<900 Da) organic compound that that is not a polymer.

As used herein, “Trichoderma” is the genus of an organism having the following lineage as of 2017 according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda Md., USA): Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; sordariomyceta; Sordariomycetes; Hypocreomycetidae; Hypocreales; Hypocreaceae.

As used herein, “Corynebacterium” is the genus of an organism having the following lineage as of 2017 according to the NCBI: Bacteria; Terrabacteria group; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria; Corynebacteriales; Corynebacteriaceae.

As used herein, the singular articles “a,” “an,” and “the” encompass the plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The following abbreviations/acronyms have the following meanings unless otherwise specified:

Da Dalton

w/v weight/volume

w/w weight/weight

v/v volume/volume

° C. degrees Centigrade

g or gm gram

μg microgram

mg milligram

kg kilogram

μt and μl microliter

mL and ml milliliter

mm millimeter

μm micrometer

mol mole

mmol millimole

M molar

mM millimolar

μM micromolar

nm nanometer

ppm parts per million

hr or hrs hour

RPM revolutions per minute

SLPM standard liters per minute

III. Spent Trichoderma Broth

Trichoderma is widely used to produce and secrete recombinant enzymes on an industrial scale (see, e.g., Keränen, S. and Penttilä, M. (1995) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 6:534-37; Ahamed, A. and Vermette, P. (2009) Bioresource Technology 100:5979-87; and Helena Nevalainen, H and Petersonl, R. (2014) Front Microbiol. 5:75). Strains, medium components and culture conditions are well known.

The present methods relate to the use of whole or fractionated spent Trichoderma fermentation broth, necessarily including the non-enzymatic fraction of the spent broth, to increase the amount of small molecules produced by Corynebacterium grown in submerged culture.

In some embodiments, only the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma broth is added to the Corynebacterium culture. This fraction may be substantially free of enzymes, meaning that protein having enzymatic activity are not present in the broth, or may be substantially free of active enzymes, meaning that enzymatic activity in the broth has been destroyed by physical or chemical treatment of the broth.

Enzymatic activity may be eliminated by filtration of spent Trichoderma broth to separate components responsible for the beneficial effect on Corynebacterium cultures from proteins having enzymatic activity. Such filtration may encompass filtration to remove proteins having a molecular weight of greater than about 30K Da.

Enzymatic activity may alternatively or additionally be destroyed by heating the spent Trichoderma broth to a temperature above about 70° C., above about 75° C., above about 80° C., above about 85° C., above about 90° C. or even above about 95° C., for a time sufficient to denature enzyme, e.g., at least about 10 min, at least about 15 min, at least about 20 min, at least about 30 min, or at least about 40 min, or more.

Enzymatic activity may alternatively or additionally be destroyed by incubating the spent Trichoderma broth with small molecule protease inhibitors, or other small molecules that inhibit the activity of particular classes of enzymes.

Enzymatic activity may alternatively or additionally be destroyed by incubating the spent Trichoderma broth with active proteases, which may be exogenous to the spent Trichoderma broth such that proteins present in the spent Trichoderma broth are digested and substantially no enzymatic activity remains in the spent Trichoderma broth.

Enzymatic activity may alternatively or additionally be destroyed by subjecting the spent Trichoderma broth to chromatography methods routinely used to separate proteins from other components in the spent Trichoderma broth, the separated proteins being the source of enzymatic activity in the spent Trichoderma broth.

Enzymatic activity may alternatively or additionally be destroyed by reducing or eliminating the expression and/or secretion of native or non-native (i.e., recombinant) proteins, which may be enzymes, by selecting a particular strain of Trichoderma, or genetically modifying Trichoderma to eliminate or reduce the expression or secretion of enzymes in the spent Trichoderma broth.

The non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma broth may be included in whole or otherwise fractionated spent Trichoderma broth as a specialized product. Alternatively, the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma broth may be provided as a specialized, fractionated product of a spent Trichoderma broth.

In some embodiments, only the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma broth further includes one or more proteins of interest, for example, carbohydrate-processing enzymes and other commercially-relevant polypeptides, including but not limited to a dehydrogenase, a transketolase, a phosphoketolase, a transladolase, an epimerase, a phytase, a xylanase, a β-glucanase, a phosphatase, a protease, an α-amylase, a β-amylase, a glucoamylase, a pullulanase, an isoamylase, a cellulase, a trehalase, a lipase, a pectinase, a polyesterase, a cutinase, an oxidase, a transferase, a reductase, a hemicellulase, a mannanase, an esterase, an isomerase, a pectinases, a lactase, a peroxidase and a laccase.

In other embodiments, only the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma broth specifically excludes any particular protein of interest, including an enzymatic protein of interest, and particularly a recombinant protein of interest.

In some embodiments, the spent Trichoderma broth or fraction, thereof, is formulated, e.g., for storage stability or ease of handling. Formulation components include, but are not limited to, glycerol, sorbitol, salts, polymers, preservatives and the like.

IV. Submerged Corynebacterium Cultures

As described, herein, the present methods involve the addition of spent Trichoderma broth to cultures of Corynebacterium that produce small molecules. Corynebacterium naturally produce significant amounts of glutamate and can readily be genetically modified to produce other products, including but not limited to lysine (see, e.g., de Graaf, A. A. et al. (2001) Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 73:9-29 and Wendisch, V. F. et al. (2016) World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 32:105). Numerous strains of Corynebacterium are commercially available, the most common being derivatives of C. glutamicum. The complete genomic sequence of C. glutamicum S9114 is known.

Conditions for growing Corynebacterium in submerged culture for the purpose of producing commercially-valuable products are well-known, as is described in, for example, in Kusumoto, I. (2001) J. Nutr. 131:2552S-55S; Hermann, T. (2003) J Biotechnol. 104:155-172; Zhiting Luo, Z. et al. (2016) Biotechnology for Biofuels 9:134; and Zahoora, A. et al. (2012) CSBJ. 3:e201210004.

Corynebacterium growth medium generally includes a primary carbon source such as glucose, fructose or sucrose, although carbon sources such as cane molasses, xylose, agro-industrial wastes, rapeseed meal, soybean residue, corncob fibers and glycerol have also been used. Yeast extract is a suitable nitrogen source but ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride are more cost effective. Inorganic salts and particularly manganese can affect the productivity of Corynebacterium.

In some embodiments, the amount of whole or fractionated spent Trichoderma broth as a percentage of the total amount of Corynebacterium growth medium at least 0.01%, at least 0.02%, at least 0.03%, at least 0.04%, at least 0.05%, at least 0.06%, at least 0.07%, at least 0.08%, at least 0.09%, at least 0.10%, at least 0.12%, at least 0.14%, at least 0.16%, at least 0.18%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.6%, at least 0.7%, at least 0.8%, at least 0.9%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 5%, or more (v/v).

Whole or fractionated spent Trichoderma broth is preferably added at the time of inoculation of the Corynebacterium culture. However, during fed-batch fermentation, it may be desirable to stagger the addition of the spent Trichoderma broth. For example, 50% of the dose of Trichoderma broth may be added at the time of inoculation of the Corynebacterium culture, followed by the addition of 25% at about 10 hours, and the remaining 25% at about 16 hours post inoculation.

These and other aspects and embodiments of the present methods will be apparent to the skilled person in view of the present description. The following examples are intended to further illustrate, but not limit, the methods.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Organisms, Culture Media and Spent Broth

Corynebacterium glutamicum strains ATCC13032 and ATCC15990 from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., USA) were used for all L-glutamate experiments.

Corynebacterium glutamicum strain ATCC 21513, from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., USA) was used for all L-Lysine production experiments.

Trichoderma reesei strain Morph, described in PCT App. No. WO 05/001036, was used for all experiments.

Trichoderma reesei whole spent broth contained (w/w) water (80-98%), and (%) at a pH of 4.5-5.0.

Formulated Trichoderma reesei whole spent broth contained (w/w) water (33-45%), glycerol (47-53%) and sodium chloride (3-4%) at a pH of 4.5-5.0.

CGXII media contained (per liter) 50 g glucose, 20 g ammonium sulfate, 5 g urea, 1 g potassium phosphate (monobasic), 1 g potassium phosphate (dibasic), 0.25 g magnesium sulfate, 42 g 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), 10 μg calcium chloride, 35 μg 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, trace elements (1 mg FeSO₄, 1 mg MnSO₄, 0.1 mg ZnSO₄, 0.02 mg CuSO₄ and 0.002 mg NiCl₂), 1.0 μg biotin adjusted to pH 7.0 using sodium hydroxide.

Glutamic acid batch fed fermentation medium contained (per liter) 15 g Sigma corn steep solids, 10 g (NH₄)₂PO₄, 2.0 g K₂HPO₄, 0.5 ml Sigma 204 antifoam, 50 mL 100× trace elements solution (containing 80 g MGSO₄.7H₂O, 2.2 g FeSO₄.7H₂O, and 2.2 g MnSO₄.H₂O) and 5 mL of 1000× vitamin solution (containing 0.2 g vitamin B1 thiamine), 545 g of 55% w/w glucose.

Lysine seed flask medium contained per liter 5.0 g Difco yeast extract, 10 g Difco select soytone, 10 g NaCl and 10.0 g glucose.

Lysine fermentation medium contained per liter 52.5 g soy meal hydrolysate, 2.4 g molasses, 12.4 g (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.7 g citric acid monohydrate, 2.2 g 85% H₃PO₄, 1.24 g MgSO₄.7H₂O, 1.24 g MnSO₄.H₂O, 0.002 g ZnSO₄.7H₂O, 0.038 g FeSO₄.7H₂O, 0.55 g L-threonine, 0.60 g L-methionine, 0.0006 g biotin, 0.00024 g thiamine hydrochloride, 0.5 ml Sigma 204 antifoam, batch in initial bolus of 545 g of 55% w/w 95DE (Cargill 95DE dextrose.

Lysine carbon source feed contained: 55% w/w 95DE (Cargill 95DE dextrose)

Example 2. Stimulation of Glutamate Production by Corynebacterium

Formulated Trichoderma reesei whole spent broth was added to shake-flask assays containing one of two different C. glutamicum strains to determine the effect on glutamic acid titer and reduce fermentation time. C. glutamicum strains ATCC13032 and ATCC15990 were grown from glycerol stocks on LB agar plates by incubating at 30° C. Cells were transferred to liquid CGXII media and incubated overnight at 30° C. with shaking (250 RPM). Cells were transferred a second time and grown overnight in CGXII media before using in production flasks.

The ATCC13032 Corynebacterium cells were then inoculated into fresh CGXII media at an initial OD of 0.025-0.1 (600 nm) and spent Trichoderma broth was added (or water as a negative control) at different concentrations/dosages. A 1× dosage represents a 1250-fold dilution of spent Trichoderma broth in Corynebacterium medium (0.08% of the total volume). A 5× dosage represents a 625-fold dilution (i.e., 0.4% of the total volume) and a 10× dosage represents a 125-fold dilution (0.8% the total volume).

Flasks were incubated at 30° C. with shaking (250 RPM) for about 48 hr. At the end of this incubation, the final cell mass was determined using the absorbance at 600 nm and the glutamic acid concentration was determined using HPLC analysis (pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde, C18 column and a methanol/acetonitrile gradient as the mobile phase). Each concentration was tested in duplicate with the average results shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Effect of spent Trichoderma broth on ATCC13032 cell mass and glutamate production Control 1X 5X 10X OD (A600 nm) 16.85 18.20 22.65 25.80 % increase vs. control —  7% 26% 35% Glutamic acid (g/L)  5.77  6.73 10.02 10.18 % increase vs. control — 14% 42% 43%

The results show a dose dependent response increase in cell mass and glutamic acid production in the presence of spent Trichoderma broth up to a saturation point where no further increase possible, likely due to complete conversion of available sugar.

The experiment was repeated using the ATCC15990 strain using a 10× dose (0.8% volume) of spent Trichoderma broth in the Corynebacterium CGXII media. The results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Effect of spent Trichoderma broth on ATCC15990 cell mass and glutamate production Control 10X OD (A600 nm) 15.6 25.45 % increase vs. control — 39% Glutamic acid (g/L)  6.83 10.1  % increase vs. control — 32%

Additional spent Trichoderma broth samples were tested in duplicate to determine if the positive effect on glutamic acid production was an isolated phenomenon. A total of five spent Trichoderma whole broths (A-E) were tested as described, above, at a 10× dose, using the ATCC13032 strain. The results show a consistent increase in glutamic acid production in the presence of any of the tested spent Trichoderma broths (Table 3).

TABLE 3 Effect of different spent Trichoderma broths on cell mass and glutamate production Control A B C D E OD (A600 nm) 15.2 19.2 17.3 17.0 17.4 27.6 % increase vs. control — 21% 12% 11% 13% 45% Glutamic acid (g/L)  5.6  6.6  7.1  7.0  7.4 11.0 % increase vs. control — 16% 21% 21% 25% 50%

The effect of media and formulation components associated with the spent Trichoderma broth was ruled out by adding fresh (i.e., non-inoculated) Trichoderma medium, citric acid or glycerol to Corynebacterium cultures in the same manner in which spent Trichoderma broth was added. No increase in cell mass or glutamic acid was detected (data not shown).

Example 3. Time-Course Corynebacterium Culture Experiment

Analysis of glucose consumption and glutamic acid production over time was performed in a similar shake-flask assay using 1× and 10× doses of formulated spent Trichoderma broth. Samples of the Corynebacterium cultures (ATCC13032 strain) were taken periodically over a period of about 70 hr. The results are shown in FIG. 1. The results show that the addition of spent Trichoderma broth produces an increase in glutamic acid production that persists throughout the time-course.

Example 4. Treatment of Spent Trichoderma Broth to Abolish Enzymatic Activity

Spent Trichoderma broth contains numerous enzymes which could affect the growth of Corynebacterium. To test whether any of these enzyme could be responsible for effects observed in the previous Examples, spent Trichoderma broth was treated to inactivate the enzymes. Specifically, spent Trichoderma broth was centrifuged at 14K×g for 20 minutes and the supernatant collected. The supernatant was filtered through a 30 kDa membrane (labeled, “<30K”) and the permeate collected for testing in Corynebacterium cultures. A portion of the filtered sample was further heat treated at 90° C. for 30 minutes (labeled, “Heat”). The treated samples were found to contain much lower levels of total protein compared to the crude spent Trichoderma broth when visualized by SDS-PAGE analysis. The activity of an enzyme known to be over-expressed in the crude spent Trichoderma broth was assayed for in the treated spent Trichoderma broth, and no activity was detected (data not shown).

TABLE 4 Effect of treated spent Trichoderma broth on cell mass and glutamate production Control 10X 10X < 30 kD 10X Heat OD (A600 nm) 18.5 29.9 30.2 29.3 % increase vs. control — 38% 39% 37% Glutamic acid (g/L)  5.7 10.6 10.5 10.8 % increase vs. control — 46% 46% 47%

Despite the lack of enzyme activity and near-complete absence of protein, the treated spent Trichoderma broth still improved glutamic acid production at a 10× dosage, as demonstrated by shake-flask assay summarized in Table 4.

Example 5. Time-Course Trichoderma Culture Experiment

To determine when the non-enzymatic components that increase production of glutamate by Corynebacterium appear in the spent Trichoderma broth, a time-course experiment involving a Trichoderma culture was performed. Trichoderma was grown in culture for up to 213 hr and samples of spent broth were taken periodically. The dry cell weight (“DCW”) and levels of secreted protein in the culture are shown in FIG. 2. Each time-point sample was filtered through a 0.2 μM filter to remove cells.

Samples of spent Trichoderma broth taken at the different time points was then added to Corynebacterium shake flask cultures at a 10× dosage and the amount of glutamate produced was measured as described, above. The results are shown in FIG. 3. The results show that the non-enzymatic component present in spent Trichoderma broth that improves glutamate production by Corynebacterium is not present at the 0.3-hour time-point during the growth of the Trichoderma culture. However, the component is present very early in the fermentation time, at least by 29 hours, and remains during the entire fermentation. Notably, the secreted protein levels are very low at the 29-hour time point. This particular Trichoderma organism also over-expressed a different protein compared to the one used in the previous Examples, further emphasizing that the observed effect on Corynebacterium cultures is not dependent on the gene of interest that Trichoderma may express.

Example 6. Stimulation of Glutamic Acid Production in Fed-Batch Fermentation

Formulated T. reesei whole spent broth or processed broth was added to fermentors containing C. glutamicum to determine the effect on glutamic acid production rate, titer, and yield. C. glutamicum strain ATCC 13032 was grown from glycerol stocks in glutamic acid seed flask medium and incubated overnight at 30° C. with shaking (200 RPM). Cells were transferred to seed flasks and grown overnight in the same medium before using in production fermentors. The overnight seed cultures were used to inoculate glutamic acid fermentation media at an initial OD of 0.1 (600 nm).

Fermentations were performed at 30° C. with mixing to maintain a dissolved oxygen of 30% controlled by stirring with a minimum set point 300 rpm to maximum of 1200 rpm, followed by over-pressurization to a maximum of 1.5 bar and aeration to a maximum 10.0 (standard liter per minute) for the duration of the fermentation run.

A carbon source feed, containing 55% w/w 95DE (Cargill 95DE dextrose), having a constant feed rate of 0.75 g/min, was used beginning at 14 hours elapsed fermentation time. A 1× or 5× dose of whole spent Trichoderma broth or a 1× dose of heat-treated spent broth (or no broth as a control) was added to the Corynebacterium fermentations. One-half of the total dose of Trichoderma broth was added at the time of inoculation with Corynebacterium, 25% at 10 hours, and the remaining 25% at 16 hours post inoculation.

At the end of this incubation, the final glutamic acid concentration was determined using HPLC analysis (pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde, C18 column and a methanol/acetonitrile gradient as the mobile phase) using a 1200 Series Agilent Technologies Fluorescence detector. The results in Table X summarize the results in terms of percent increase in the rate, titer, and yield of glutamic acid at the end fermentation, compared to the untreated control tank. The results show titer of glutamic acid (reported as acid) in the control fermentor was lower, compared to the test tanks. Fermentors containing either a 1× or 5× dose of whole spent Trichoderma broth or 1× dose heat-treated whole spent Trichoderma broth higher levels of glutamic acid than the control. The results also show an increased rate and yield of glutamic acid at end of fermentation, compared to the untreated control tank.

TABLE 5 Effect of treated spent Trichoderma broth on glutamic acid production in fed-batch fermentation Glutamate Fermentation Glutamate volumetric Glutamate Parameters titer rate yield Control 0.0 0.0 0.0 1X dose 9.5 8.6 5.2 1X heat-treated dose 4.6 4.5 5.9 5X dose 12.9 11.9 6.8

Example 7. Stimulation of Lysine Production by Corynebacterium

Formulated Trichoderma whole spent broth or heat-treated broth was added to fermentors containing C. glutamicum strain ATCC 21513 to determine the effect on L-Lysine titer and reduced fermentation time. C. glutamicum strain ATCC 21513 was grown from glycerol stock media and incubated overnight at 30° C. with shaking (250 RPM) in lysine seed medium. Cells were transferred to larger seed flasks and grown overnight in liquid seed flask media before using in production fermentors. The cells were then inoculated into fresh lysine fermentation media at an initial OD of 0.1 (600 nm) and spent Trichoderma broth or processed broth was added at different concentrations/dosages. A 1× dosage represents 0.10% weight of fermentation medium.

Fermentations were performed at 30° C. with mixing to maintain a dissolved oxygen of 30% controlled by stirring at a maximum of 1200 rpm, followed by over-pressurization to a maximum of 1.5 bar and aeration to a maximum 10.00 SLPM for the duration of the fermentation run. A lysine carbon source feed, containing 55% w/w 95DE (Cargill 95DE dextrose), having a constant feed rate of 0.75 g/min, was used beginning at 14 hours elapsed fermentation time 14. A 1× or 5× dose of whole spent Trichoderma broth or a 1× dose of heat-treated spent broth (or no broth as a control) was added to the Corynebacterium fermentations. One-half of the total dose of Trichoderma broth was added at the time of inoculation with Corynebacterium, 25% at 10 hours, and the remaining 25% at 16 hours post inoculation.

At the end of this incubation, the final L-Lysine concentration was determined using HPLC analysis (pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde, C18 column and a methanol/acetonitrile gradient as the mobile phase) using a 1200 Series Agilent Technologies Fluorescence detector.

The results in Table 6 further summarize the results in terms of percent increases in the rate, titer, and yield of lysine at the fermentation at end of the run compared to the control. Peak lysine titers were observed at the end of the run. The results show a significant increase in lysine yield in the presence of spent Trichoderma broth.

TABLE 6 Effect of treated spent Trichoderma broth on lysine production Increase Increase in lysine Increase Spent in lysine volumetric in lysine broth titer rate yield None 0 0 0 1X whole 7.79 7.82 6.96 1X heated 17.47 17.00 18.27 5X whole 20.50 19.98 17.49 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for improving the production of small molecules in submerged Corynebacterium culture comprising adding to a submerged Corynebacterium culture a non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth, wherein the Corynebacterium grown in the presence of the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth produce an increased amount of small molecules compared to Corynebacterium grown in an otherwise identical submerged culture in the absence of the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth, wherein the increase in small molecule production is not due to enzymatic activity in the spent Trichoderma fermentation broth.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth is produced by filtering whole or fractionated spent Trichoderma fermentation broth.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth is produced by heat treating whole or fractionated spent Trichoderma fermentation broth.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth used to increase small molecule production is a component of whole or fractionated spent Trichoderma fermentation broth that is added to the submerged Corynebacterium culture.
 5. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth is a by-product of a fermentation that produces a recombinant enzyme.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the non-enzymatic fraction of Trichoderma fermentation broth used to increase small molecule production additionally comprises the recombinant enzyme.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the recombinant enzyme is removed from the non-enzymatic fraction of Trichoderma fermentation broth used to improve small molecule production.
 8. The method of any of claims 5-7, wherein the recombinant enzyme is a carbohydrate processing enzyme.
 9. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein at least a portion of the spent fermentation broth is added at the time of inoculation of the Corynebacterium culture.
 10. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the spent fermentation broth is harvested from a Trichoderma growth culture at least 29 hours following inoculation of Trichoderma broth.
 11. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the spent fermentation broth is harvested from a Trichoderma growth culture prior to the expression of a protein of interest in the broth.
 12. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the small molecule is an amino acid.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the amino acid is glutamic acid or lysine.
 14. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the increase in small molecule production is not the result of increased cell mass in the Corynebacterium culture.
 15. A small molecule produced in submerged Corynebacterium culture produced by the method of any of claims 1-14.
 16. Use of a non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth to increase the amount of small molecules produced in a submerged Corynebacterium culture.
 17. Use of a non-enzymatic fraction of spent Trichoderma fermentation broth as in claim 16 is combined with the features of any of claims 1-14. 